PID container

CPU

CPU share

100 {C0}

0

100% of CPU0

101 {C1}

1

100% of CPU1

102 {C1}

2

100% of CPU2

If not specified, daemon default is used, which can either be private or shareable , depending on the daemon version and configuration.

--isolation =" default "
Isolation specifies the type of isolation technology used by containers. Note that the default on Windows server is process , and the default on Windows client is hyperv . Linux only supports default .

-l , --label key = value
Set metadata on the container (for example, --label com.example.key=value ).

--kernel-memory = number [ S ]
Kernel memory limit; S is an optional suffix which can be one of b , k , m , or g .

Constrains the kernel memory available to a container. If a limit of 0 is specified (not using --kernel-memory ), the container’s kernel memory is not limited. If you specify a limit, it may be rounded up to a multiple of the operating system’s page size and the value can be very large, millions of trillions.

--label-file =[]
Read in a line delimited file of labels

--link = name-or-id [: alias ]
Add link to another container.

If the operator uses --link when starting the new client container, then the client container can access the exposed port via a private networking interface. Docker will set some environment variables in the client container to help indicate which interface and port to use.

--link-local-ip =[]
Add one or more link-local IPv4/IPv6 addresses to the container’s interface

--log-driver =" json-file | syslog | journald | gelf | fluentd | awslogs | splunk | etwlogs | gcplogs | none "
Logging driver for the container. Default is defined by daemon --log-driver flag.
Warning : the docker logs command works only for the json-file and
journald logging drivers.

--log-opt =[]
Logging driver specific options.

-m , --memory = number [*S]
Memory limit; S is an optional suffix which can be one of b , k , m , or g .

Allows you to constrain the memory available to a container. If the host supports swap memory, then the -m memory setting can be larger than physical RAM. If a limit of 0 is specified (not using -m ), the container’s memory is not limited. The actual limit may be rounded up to a multiple of the operating system’s page size (the value would be very large, that’s millions of trillions).

--memory-reservation = number [*S]
Memory soft limit; S is an optional suffix which can be one of b , k , m , or g .

After setting memory reservation, when the system detects memory contention or low memory, containers are forced to restrict their consumption to their reservation. So you should always set the value below --memory , otherwise the hard limit will take precedence. By default, memory reservation will be the same as memory limit.

--memory-swap = number [ S ]
Combined memory plus swap limit; S is an optional suffix which can be one of b , k , m , or g .

This option can only be used together with --memory . The argument should always be larger than that of --memory . Default is double the value of --memory . Set to -1 to enable unlimited swap.

--mac-address =""
Container MAC address (e.g., 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33 )

Remember that the MAC address in an Ethernet network must be unique. The IPv6 link-local address will be based on the device’s MAC address according to RFC4862.

--mount type= TYPE , TYPE-SPECIFIC-OPTION [,...]
Attach a filesystem mount to the container

Current supported mount TYPES are bind , volume , and tmpfs .

e.g.

type=bind,source=/path/on/host,destination=/path/in/container

type=volume,source=my-volume,destination=/path/in/container,volume-label="color=red",volume-label="shape=round"

type=tmpfs,tmpfs-size=512M,destination=/path/in/container

Common Options:

Note : setting readonly for a bind mount may not make its submounts
read-only depending on the kernel version. See also bind-recursive .

Options specific to bind :

If set to enabled , submounts are recursively bind-mounted and attempted to be made recursively read-only.
If set to disabled , submounts are not recursively bind-mounted.
If set to writable , submounts are recursively bind-mounted but not made recursively read-only.
If set to readonly , submounts are recursively bind-mounted and forcibly made recursively read-only.

Setting false equates to bind-recursive=enabled .

Options specific to volume :

Options specific to tmpfs :

--name =""
Assign a name to the container

The operator can identify a container in three ways:

The UUID identifiers come from the Docker daemon, and if a name is not assigned to the container with --name then the daemon will also generate a random string name. The name is useful when defining links (see --link ) (or any other place you need to identify a container). This works for both background and foreground Docker containers.

--network = type
Set the Network mode for the container. Supported values are:

Default is bridge .

--network-alias =[]
Add network-scoped alias for the container

--oom-kill-disable = true | false
Whether to disable OOM Killer for the container or not.

--oom-score-adj =""
Tune the host’s OOM preferences for containers (accepts -1000 to 1000)

-P , --publish-all = true | false
Publish all exposed ports to random ports on the host interfaces. The default is false .

When set to true publish all exposed ports to the host interfaces. The default is false. If the operator uses -P (or -p) then Docker will make the exposed port accessible on the host and the ports will be available to any client that can reach the host. When using -P, Docker will bind any exposed port to a random port on the host within an ephemeral port range defined by /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range . To find the mapping between the host ports and the exposed ports, use docker port (1).

-p , --publish ip :[ hostPort ]: containerPort | [ hostPort :] containerPort
Publish a container’s port, or range of ports, to the host.

Both hostPort and containerPort can be specified as a range. When specifying ranges for both, the number of ports in ranges should be equal.

Examples: -p 1234-1236:1222-1224 , -p 127.0.0.1:$HOSTPORT:$CONTAINERPORT .

Use docker port (1) to see the actual mapping, e.g. docker port CONTAINER $CONTAINERPORT .

--pid =""
Set the PID mode for the container
Default is to create a private PID namespace for the container
’container:’: join another container’s PID namespace
’host’: use the host’s PID namespace for the container. Note: the host mode gives the container full access to local PID and is therefore considered insecure.

--userns =""
Set the usernamespace mode for the container when userns-remap option is enabled.
host : use the host usernamespace and enable all privileged options (e.g., pid=host or --privileged ).

--pids-limit =""
Tune the container’s pids (process IDs) limit. Set to -1 to have unlimited pids for the container.

--uts = type
Set the UTS mode for the container. The only possible type is host , meaning to use the host’s UTS namespace inside the container.
Note: the host mode gives the container access to changing the host’s hostname and is therefore considered insecure.

--privileged [ true | false ]
Give extended privileges to this container. A "privileged" container is given access to all devices.

When the operator executes docker run --privileged , Docker will enable access to all devices on the host as well as set some configuration in AppArmor to allow the container nearly all the same access to the host as processes running outside of a container on the host.

--read-only = true | false
Mount the container’s root filesystem as read only.

By default a container will have its root filesystem writable allowing processes to write files anywhere. By specifying the --read-only flag the container will have its root filesystem mounted as read only prohibiting any writes.

--restart policy
Restart policy to apply when a container exits. Supported values are:

Default is no .

--rm true | false
Automatically remove the container when it exits. The default is false .
--rm flag can work together with -d , and auto-removal will be done on daemon side. Note that it’s incompatible with any restart policy other than none .

--security-opt value [,...]
Security Options for the container. The following options can be given:

"label=user:USER" : Set the label user for the container
"label=role:ROLE" : Set the label role for the container
"label=type:TYPE" : Set the label type for the container
"label=level:LEVEL" : Set the label level for the container
"label=disable" : Turn off label confinement for the container
"no-new-privileges" : Disable container processes from gaining additional privileges

"seccomp=unconfined" : Turn off seccomp confinement for the container
"seccomp=profile.json : White listed syscalls seccomp Json file to be used as a seccomp filter

"apparmor=unconfined" : Turn off apparmor confinement for the container
"apparmor=your-profile" : Set the apparmor confinement profile for the container

--storage-opt
Storage driver options per container

$ docker run -it --storage-opt size=120G fedora /bin/bash

This (size) will allow to set the container rootfs size to 120G at creation time.
This option is only available for the btrfs , overlay2 and zfs graph drivers.
For the btrfs and zfs storage drivers, user cannot pass a size less than the Default BaseFS Size.
For the overlay2 storage driver, the size option is only available if the backing fs is xfs and mounted with the pquota mount option.
Under these conditions, user can pass any size less than the backing fs size.

--stop-signal =""
Signal to stop the container.

The --stop-signal flag sets the system call signal that will be sent to the
container to exit. This signal can be a signal name in the format SIG<NAME> ,
for instance SIGKILL , or an unsigned number that matches a position in the
kernel’s syscall table, for instance 9 .

The default is defined by STOPSIGNAL in the image, or SIGTERM if the image
has no STOPSIGNAL defined.

--stop-timeout
Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container, or -1 to disable timeout.

The --stop-timeout flag sets the number of seconds to wait for the container
to stop after sending the pre-defined (see --stop-signal ) system call signal.
If the container does not exit after the timeout elapses, it is forcibly killed
with a SIGKILL signal.

If --stop-timeout is set to -1 , no timeout is applied, and the daemon will
wait indefinitely for the container to exit.

The default is determined by the daemon, and 10 seconds for Linux containers,
and 30 seconds for Windows containers.

--shm-size =""
Size of /dev/shm . The format is <number><unit> .
number must be greater than 0 . Unit is optional and can be b (bytes), k (kilobytes), m (megabytes), or g (gigabytes).
If you omit the unit, the system uses bytes. If you omit the size entirely, the system uses 64m .

--sysctl =SYSCTL
Configure namespaced kernel parameters at runtime

IPC Namespace - current sysctls allowed:

kernel.msgmax, kernel.msgmnb, kernel.msgmni, kernel.sem, kernel.shmall, kernel.shmmax, kernel.shmmni, kernel.shm_rmid_forced
Sysctls beginning with fs.mqueue.*

If you use the --ipc=host option these sysctls will not be allowed.

Network Namespace - current sysctls allowed:
Sysctls beginning with net.*

If you use the --network=host option these sysctls will not be allowed.

--sig-proxy = true | false
Proxy received signals to the process (non-TTY mode only). SIGCHLD, SIGSTOP, and SIGKILL are not proxied. The default is true .

--memory-swappiness =""
Tune a container’s memory swappiness behavior. Accepts an integer between 0 and 100.

-t , --tty = true | false
Allocate a pseudo-TTY. The default is false .

When set to true Docker can allocate a pseudo-tty and attach to the standard input of any container. This can be used, for example, to run a throwaway interactive shell. The default is false.

The -t option is incompatible with a redirection of the docker client standard input.

--tmpfs =[] Create a tmpfs mount

Mount a temporary filesystem ( tmpfs ) mount into a container, for example:

$ docker run -d --tmpfs /tmp:rw,size=787448k,mode=1777 my_image

This command mounts a tmpfs at /tmp within the container. The supported mount options are the same as the Linux default mount flags. If you do not specify any options, the systems uses the following options: rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=65536k .

See also --mount , which is the successor of --tmpfs and --volume .
Even though there is no plan to deprecate --tmpfs , usage of --mount is recommended.

-u , --user =""
Sets the username or UID used and optionally the groupname or GID for the specified command.

The followings examples are all valid:
--user [user | user:group | uid | uid:gid | user:gid | uid:group ]

Without this argument the command will be run as root in the container.

--ulimit =[]
Ulimit options

-v | --volume [= [[HOST-DIR:]CONTAINER-DIR[:OPTIONS]] ]
Create a bind mount. If you specify, -v /HOST-DIR:/CONTAINER-DIR , Docker
bind mounts /HOST-DIR in the host to /CONTAINER-DIR in the Docker
container. If ’HOST-DIR’ is omitted, Docker automatically creates the new
volume on the host. The OPTIONS are a comma delimited list and can be:

The CONTAINER-DIR must be an absolute path such as /src/docs . The HOST-DIR can be an absolute path or a name value. A name value must start with an alphanumeric character, followed by a-z0-9 , _ (underscore), . (period) or - (hyphen). An absolute path starts with a / (forward slash).

If you supply a HOST-DIR that is an absolute path, Docker bind-mounts to the path you specify. If you supply a name , Docker creates a named volume by that name . For example, you can specify either /foo or foo for a HOST-DIR value. If you supply the /foo value, Docker creates a bind mount. If you supply the foo specification, Docker creates a named volume.

You can specify multiple -v options to mount one or more mounts to a container. To use these same mounts in other containers, specify the --volumes-from option also.

You can supply additional options for each bind mount following an additional colon. A :ro or :rw suffix mounts a volume in read-only or read-write mode, respectively. By default, volumes are mounted in read-write mode. You can also specify the consistency requirement for the mount, either :consistent (the default), :cached , or :delegated . Multiple options are separated by commas, e.g. :ro,cached .

Labeling systems like SELinux require that proper labels are placed on volume content mounted into a container. Without a label, the security system might prevent the processes running inside the container from using the content. By default, Docker does not change the labels set by the OS.

To change a label in the container context, you can add either of two suffixes :z or :Z to the volume mount. These suffixes tell Docker to relabel file objects on the shared volumes. The z option tells Docker that two containers share the volume content. As a result, Docker labels the content with a shared content label. Shared volume labels allow all containers to read/write content. The Z option tells Docker to label the content with a private unshared label. Only the current container can use a private volume.

By default bind mounted volumes are private . That means any mounts done inside container will not be visible on host and vice versa. One can change this behavior by specifying a volume mount propagation property. Making a volume shared mounts done under that volume inside container will be visible on host and vice versa. Making a volume slave enables only one way mount propagation and that is mounts done on host under that volume will be visible inside container but not the other way around.

To control mount propagation property of volume one can use :[r]shared , :[r]slave or :[r]private propagation flag. Propagation property can be specified only for bind mounted volumes and not for internal volumes or named volumes. For mount propagation to work source mount point (mount point where source dir is mounted on) has to have right propagation properties. For shared volumes, source mount point has to be shared. And for slave volumes, source mount has to be either shared or slave.

Use df <source-dir> to figure out the source mount and then use findmnt -o TARGET,PROPAGATION <source-mount-dir> to figure out propagation properties of source mount. If findmnt utility is not available, then one can look at mount entry for source mount point in /proc/self/mountinfo . Look at optional fields and see if any propagation properties are specified. shared:X means mount is shared , master:X means mount is slave and if nothing is there that means mount is private .

To change propagation properties of a mount point use mount command. For example, if one wants to bind mount source directory /foo one can do mount --bind /foo /foo and mount --make-private --make-shared /foo . This will convert /foo into a shared mount point. Alternatively one can directly change propagation properties of source mount. Say / is source mount for /foo , then use mount --make-shared / to convert / into a shared mount.

Note : When using systemd to manage the Docker daemon’s start and stop, in the systemd unit file there is an option to control mount propagation for the Docker daemon itself, called MountFlags . The value of this setting may cause Docker to not see mount propagation changes made on the mount point. For example, if this value is slave , you may not be able to use the shared or rshared propagation on a volume.

To disable automatic copying of data from the container path to the volume, use the nocopy flag. The nocopy flag can be set on bind mounts and named volumes.

See also --mount , which is the successor of --tmpfs and --volume . Even though there is no plan to deprecate --volume , usage of --mount is recommended.

--volume-driver =""
Container’s volume driver. This driver creates volumes specified either from
a Dockerfile’s VOLUME instruction or from the docker run -v flag.
See docker-volume-create(1) for full details.

--volumes-from =[]
Mount volumes from the specified container(s)

Mounts already mounted volumes from a source container onto another
container. You must supply the source’s container-id. To share
a volume, use the --volumes-from option when running
the target container. You can share volumes even if the source container
is not running.

By default, Docker mounts the volumes in the same mode (read-write or
read-only) as it is mounted in the source container. Optionally, you
can change this by suffixing the container-id with either the :ro or
:rw keyword.

If the location of the volume from the source container overlaps with
data residing on a target container, then the volume hides
that data on the target.

-w , --workdir =""
Working directory inside the container

The default working directory for running binaries within a container is the root directory (/). The developer can set a different default with the Dockerfile WORKDIR instruction. The operator can override the working directory by using the -w option.

Exit Status

The exit code from docker run gives information about why the container failed to run or why it exited. When docker run exits with a non-zero code, the exit codes follow the chroot standard, see below:

125 if the error is with Docker daemon itself

$ docker run --foo busybox; echo $?
# flag provided but not defined: --foo
See ’docker run --help’.
125

126 if the contained command cannot be invoked

$ docker run busybox /etc; echo $?
# exec: "/etc": permission denied
docker: Error response from daemon: Contained command could not be invoked
126

127 if the contained command cannot be found

$ docker run busybox foo; echo $?
# exec: "foo": executable file not found in $PATH
docker: Error response from daemon: Contained command not found or does not exist
127

Exit code of contained command otherwise

$ docker run busybox /bin/sh -c ’exit 3’
# 3

EXAMPLES

Running container in read-only mode

During container image development, containers often need to write to the image content. Installing packages into /usr, for example. In production, applications seldom need to write to the image. Container applications write to volumes if they need to write to file systems at all. Applications can be made more secure by running them in read-only mode using the --read-only switch. This protects the containers image from modification. Read only containers may still need to write temporary data. The best way to handle this is to mount tmpfs directories on /run and /tmp.

# docker run --read-only --tmpfs /run --tmpfs /tmp -i -t fedora /bin/bash

Exposing log messages from the container to the host’s log

If you want messages that are logged in your container to show up in the host’s syslog/journal then you should bind mount the /dev/log directory as follows.

# docker run -v /dev/log:/dev/log -i -t fedora /bin/bash

From inside the container you can test this by sending a message to the log.

(bash)# logger "Hello from my container"

Then exit and check the journal.

# exit

# journalctl -b | grep Hello

This should list the message sent to logger.

Attaching to one or more from STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR

If you do not specify -a then Docker will attach everything (stdin,stdout,stderr) . You can specify to which of the three standard streams (stdin, stdout, stderr) you’d like to connect instead, as in:

# docker run -a stdin -a stdout -i -t fedora /bin/bash

Sharing IPC between containers

Using shm_server.c available here: https://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/node27.html

Testing --ipc=host mode:

Host shows a shared memory segment with 7 pids attached, happens to be from httpd:

$ sudo ipcs -m

------ Shared Memory Segments --------
key shmid owner perms bytes nattch status
0x01128e25 0 root 600 1000 7

Now run a regular container, and it correctly does NOT see the shared memory segment from the host:

$ docker run -it shm ipcs -m

------ Shared Memory Segments --------
key shmid owner perms bytes nattch status

Run a container with the new --ipc=host option, and it now sees the shared memory segment from the host httpd:

$ docker run -it --ipc=host shm ipcs -m

------ Shared Memory Segments --------
key shmid owner perms bytes nattch status
0x01128e25 0 root 600 1000 7

Testing --ipc=container:CONTAINERID mode:

Start a container with a program to create a shared memory segment:

$ docker run -it shm bash
$ sudo shm/shm_server &
$ sudo ipcs -m

------ Shared Memory Segments --------
key shmid owner perms bytes nattch status
0x0000162e 0 root 666 27 1

Create a 2nd container correctly shows no shared memory segment from 1st container:

$ docker run shm ipcs -m

------ Shared Memory Segments --------
key shmid owner perms bytes nattch status

Create a 3rd container using the new --ipc=container:CONTAINERID option, now it shows the shared memory segment from the first:

$ docker run -it --ipc=container:ed735b2264ac shm ipcs -m
$ sudo ipcs -m

------ Shared Memory Segments --------
key shmid owner perms bytes nattch status
0x0000162e 0 root 666 27 1

Linking Containers

Note : This section describes linking between containers on the default (bridge) network, also known as "legacy links". Using --link on user-defined networks uses the DNS-based discovery, which does not add entries to /etc/hosts , and does not set environment variables for discovery.

The link feature allows multiple containers to communicate with each other. For example, a container whose Dockerfile has exposed port 80 can be run and named as follows:

# docker run --name=link-test -d -i -t fedora/httpd

A second container, in this case called linker, can communicate with the httpd container, named link-test, by running with the --link=:

# docker run -t -i --link=link-test:lt --name=linker fedora /bin/bash

Now the container linker is linked to container link-test with the alias lt. Running the env command in the linker container shows environment variables
with the LT (alias) context ( LT_ )

# env
HOSTNAME=668231cb0978
TERM=xterm
LT_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://172.17.0.3:80
LT_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
LT_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
LT_PORT=tcp://172.17.0.3:80
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
PWD=/
LT_NAME=/linker/lt
SHLVL=1
HOME=/
LT_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=172.17.0.3
_=/usr/bin/env

When linking two containers Docker will use the exposed ports of the container to create a secure tunnel for the parent to access.

If a container is connected to the default bridge network and linked with other containers, then the container’s /etc/hosts file is updated with the linked container’s name.

Note Since Docker may live update the container’s /etc/hosts file, there may be situations when processes inside the container can end up reading an empty or incomplete /etc/hosts file. In most cases, retrying the read again should fix the problem.

Mapping Ports for External Usage

The exposed port of an application can be mapped to a host port using the -p flag. For example, an httpd port 80 can be mapped to the host port 8080 using the following:

# docker run -p 8080:80 -d -i -t fedora/httpd

Creating and Mounting a Data Volume Container

Many applications require the sharing of persistent data across several containers. Docker allows you to create a Data Volume Container that other containers can mount from. For example, create a named container that contains directories /var/volume1 and /tmp/volume2. The image will need to contain these directories so a couple of RUN mkdir instructions might be required for you fedora-data image:

# docker run --name=data -v /var/volume1 -v /tmp/volume2 -i -t fedora-data true
# docker run --volumes-from=data --name=fedora-container1 -i -t fedora bash

Multiple --volumes-from parameters will bring together multiple data volumes from multiple containers. And it’s possible to mount the volumes that came from the DATA container in yet another container via the fedora-container1 intermediary container, allowing to abstract the actual data source from users of that data:

# docker run --volumes-from=fedora-container1 --name=fedora-container2 -i -t fedora bash

Mounting External Volumes

To mount a host directory as a container volume, specify the absolute path to the directory and the absolute path for the container directory separated by a colon:

# docker run -v /var/db:/data1 -i -t fedora bash

When using SELinux, be aware that the host has no knowledge of container SELinux policy. Therefore, in the above example, if SELinux policy is enforced, the /var/db directory is not writable to the container. A "Permission Denied" message will occur and an avc: message in the host’s syslog.

To work around this, at time of writing this man page, the following command needs to be run in order for the proper SELinux policy type label to be attached to the host directory:

# chcon -Rt svirt_sandbox_file_t /var/db

Now, writing to the /data1 volume in the container will be allowed and the changes will also be reflected on the host in /var/db.

Using alternative security labeling

You can override the default labeling scheme for each container by specifying the --security-opt flag. For example, you can specify the MCS/MLS level, a requirement for MLS systems. Specifying the level in the following command allows you to share the same content between containers.

# docker run --security-opt label=level:s0:c100,c200 -i -t fedora bash

An MLS example might be:

# docker run --security-opt label=level:TopSecret -i -t rhel7 bash

To disable the security labeling for this container versus running with the --permissive flag, use the following command:

# docker run --security-opt label=disable -i -t fedora bash

If you want a tighter security policy on the processes within a container, you can specify an alternate type for the container. You could run a container that is only allowed to listen on Apache ports by executing the following command:

# docker run --security-opt label=type:svirt_apache_t -i -t centos bash

Note:

You would have to write policy defining a svirt_apache_t type.

Setting device weight

If you want to set /dev/sda device weight to 200 , you can specify the device weight by --blkio-weight-device flag. Use the following command:

# docker run -it --blkio-weight-device "/dev/sda:200" ubuntu

Specify isolation technology for container (--isolation)

This option is useful in situations where you are running Docker containers on Microsoft Windows. The --isolation <value> option sets a container’s isolation technology. On Linux, the only supported is the default option which uses Linux namespaces. These two commands are equivalent on Linux:

$ docker run -d busybox top
$ docker run -d --isolation default busybox top

On Microsoft Windows, can take any of these values:

In practice, when running on Microsoft Windows without a daemon option set, these two commands are equivalent:

$ docker run -d --isolation default busybox top
$ docker run -d --isolation process busybox top

If you have set the --exec-opt isolation=hyperv option on the Docker daemon , any of these commands also result in hyperv isolation:

$ docker run -d --isolation default busybox top
$ docker run -d --isolation hyperv busybox top

Setting Namespaced Kernel Parameters (Sysctls)

The --sysctl sets namespaced kernel parameters (sysctls) in the container. For example, to turn on IP forwarding in the containers network namespace, run this command:

$ docker run --sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 someimage

Note:

Not all sysctls are namespaced. Docker does not support changing sysctls inside of a container that also modify the host system. As the kernel evolves we expect to see more sysctls become namespaced.

See the definition of the --sysctl option above for the current list of supported sysctls.

HISTORY

April 2014, Originally compiled by William Henry (whenry at redhat dot com) based on docker.com source material and internal work. June 2014, updated by Sven Dowideit SvenDowideit@home.org.au ⟨ mailto:SvenDowideit@home.org.au⟩ July 2014, updated by Sven Dowideit SvenDowideit@home.org.au ⟨ mailto:SvenDowideit@home.org.au⟩ November 2015, updated by Sally O’Malley somalley@redhat.com ⟨ mailto:somalley@redhat.com⟩